Microwave-Engineered Magnetite@ Bentonite@ Glutamic Acid Nanocomposite for Rapid and Efficient Removal of Remazol Red from Aqueous Systems

Abstract

Objective: The creation of effective and sustainable adsorbents for wastewater contaminated with dyes is a significant environmental issue. Material and Methods: This research successfully developed a new magnetically recoverable nanocomposite, consisting of magnetite, bentonite, and glutamic acid (Fe₃O₄@BNT@GA), through a quick microwave-assisted method. This microwave approach allowed for even heating, better dispersion, and enhanced surface functionalization compared to traditional techniques. After the nanocomposite synthesis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to assess the crystalline phases and structural integrity of the composite material. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) helped identify functional groups and verify that surface modifications were successfully made. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to analyze thermal stability and composition. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to investigate surface morphology and particle distribution. The adsorption efficiency of the created nanocomposite for Remazol Red dye was assessed under microwave-assisted conditions. Results: Structural and physicochemical analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of magnetite nanoparticles within the bentonite framework and their functionalization with glutamic acid, which provided numerous active sites for adsorption. The findings indicated fast adsorption kinetics and high removal rates, with nearly total dye elimination achieved in brief contact periods. Discussion: Kinetic analysis suggested that the adsorption process conforms to a pseudo-second-order model, highlighting a predominant chemisorption mechanism. Isotherm analyses aligned well with the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption on a uniform surface. Thermodynamic analysis verified that the adsorption process is spontaneous and characterized by endothermic behavior. Furthermore, the nanocomposite showed remarkable reusability, consistently delivering high performance throughout several adsorption-desorption cycles. When applied to real water samples, it showcased its practical viability, achieving removal efficiencies greater than 95%. Conclusion: In summary, the microwave-assisted Fe₃O₄@BNT@GA nanocomposite is a promising, environmentally friendly, and effective adsorbent for advanced wastewater remediation applications.