Rojava Journal of Science and Technology
Journal Scope The Rojava Journal of Science and Technology is a bilingual (English and Kurmanji), peer reviewed, open access, international journal which publishes high quality original research, short reports or letters, review articles, case studies, methodologies or method papers in areas of science and technology. Research areas include conventional subjects in natural science such as basic science, nanotechnology, biotechnology, pharmacy, medicine, engineering, health science, agriculture, management and etc. Papers relating directly or indirectly to all aspects of these fields are welcome. The journal is intended to provide a forum for expression of new ideas, as well as a place for exposition of these areas of knowledge. Copyright and Copying Copyright © 2023 Rojava university. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be stored, reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing from the copyright holder.
Interactive Effects of Sowing Dates and Nitrogen Splits Applications on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Variety Aleppo124 Performance under Field Conditions
A field study was conducted to evaluate the interaction effects of sowing dates and nitrogen (N) split applications on the yield of cotton cultivar Upland Aleppo 124 under field conditions of northeastern Syria. The experiment used a split-plot design with three sowing dates (April 30, May 15, and May 30) and four nitrogen application schedules (single dose to four split doses of 250 kg N ha⁻¹). All data were subjected to statistical analysis using Genstat software (Version 12.1). Means were compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at P≤0.05, and the coefficient of variation (C.V.%) was determined. The April 30 sowing date significantly improved reproductive growth and key yield components, such as the reproductive-to-vegetative branch ratio (92.11%), boll weight (2.555 g), cotton seed yield (3425 kg ha⁻¹), fiber yield (2475 kg ha⁻¹), and cotton ginning rate (42.59%). The most effective N strategy was to divide the dose into three equal applications (at sowing, at the 5–6 true leaf stage, and at first flowering), which further increased boll growth and fiber productivity. The interaction between early sowing and triple N splits (D1 × T3) resulted in the highest fiber production (2969 kg ha⁻¹), indication the agronomic advantage of synchronizing fertilizer with key growth stages. The results of this study highlight the efficacy of integrated nutrient timing in optimizing cotton yield, improving nitrogen use efficiency, and mitigating environmental impact, thereby demonstrating a sustainable approach for semi-arid cotton production.
Gossypium hirsutum; Sowing date; Nitrogen management; Yield components; Fiber quality; Semi-arid region
Copyright (c) 2026 Rojava Journal of Science and Technology
LSTMNetworks versus ARIMA Models for Stock Price Prediction: A Case Study
There is no doubt that economy is of central importance at the present time. A strong economy is considered a fundamental asset of the strength of countries. Therefore, analyzing and predicting economy-related time series is necessary. In this paper, we use artificial neural networks, which are considered one of the most successful machine learning techniques, in the field of stock market price prediction. Long short-term memory (LSTM) network is chosen for this task as it is characterized by the ability to retain information for a long period of time and eliminate unimportant information, which reduces the effect of fading that traditional neural networks suffer from. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model has the ability to deal with temporal data that contains upward or downward trends, which makes it useful in analyzing financial data that are affected by temporal factors. However, as indicated in our case study of TESLA daily stock prices in the period from 2010 to 2020, LSTMnetwork-based predictions are more accurate than those obtained using the fitted ARIMA model.
Autoregressive integrated moving Average (ARIMA), forecasting, long short-term memory (LSTM), stock prices, time series
Prevalence and Etiology of Abnormal Physical Growth among Syrian Children Living in North and East Syria: A Cross-Sectional Study
Childhood growth abnormalities are a significant public health concern, particularly in conflict-affected regions. This study aims to assess the prevalence and etiological factors of abnormal physical growth among Syrian children aged 0-5 years in North and East Syria. The findings will provide evidence-based recommendations for preventive and management strategies. A cross-sectional study design was employed, enrolling 208 children. Anthropometric assessments included measurements of height, weight, and head circumference. Additionally, caregiver questionnaires captured socio-economic status, healthcare access, and dietary habits, while healthcare records provided data on medical history. Growth abnormalities were identified using standard growth charts, and statistical analysis determined prevalence rates and associated risk factors. The study revealed that 39.9% of children were categorized as short, 26% were underweight, 20.2% were overweight, and 12% were obese. Additionally, 11.1% had microcephaly, while 30% had macrocephaly. Socioeconomic factors played a critical role, with underweight children predominantly residing in urban areas (87%). Complications during pregnancy (35.6%) and low breastfeeding rates (35.1%) were significant determinants of poor growth outcomes. Despite the high burden of chronic illnesses (50.2%), no significant association was found with growth abnormalities. Gender differences were minimal, except for a borderline significant association between male children and macrocephaly. Growth monitoring was notably low (17.8%), though it showed a positive impact on weight outcomes among underweight children. Growth abnormalities are prevalent among Syrian children in North and East Syria, with significant associations with prenatal and early-life factors. Public health interventions should focus on improving maternal healthcare, promoting breastfeeding, and enhancing growth monitoring programs. Further research is needed to explore long-term developmental outcomes and evaluate the effectiveness of targeted interventions. Strengthening healthcare infrastructure and community support is crucial to modifying childhood growth disorders in conflict-affected settings.
Syria, Child growth, height, weight, head circumference, teeth eruption, breastfeeding, maternal health
Effect of pump frequency and wellhead pressure on oil production of ESP in Rmelan oil field
In this paper. a case study for evaluating the current conditions and the performance optimization of the electrical submersible pump (ESP) for six oil wells in the Rmelan oil field. This paper presents a sensitivity analysis conducted by Nodal Analysis (Using PIPESIM Software) on the pump frequency and wellhead pressure. The outflow tubing performance and inflow performance relationship were generated and plotted for each well. The outflow and inflow curves are investigated, indicating problems in some wells (W-12R, W-21KH, and W-21SH). The results of this study show that we can increase the flow rate by optimizing the ESP performance by decreasing the wellhead pressure to 71.58 psi and raising the frequency to a specific value of about 65 Hz based on the pump capacity. Increasing the frequency from 55 to 65 Hz resulted in increasing the production from 634 to 1092 bb//day for W-12R, from 1928 to 2806 bbl/day for W-21KH, and from 1722 to 2279 bbl/day for W-21SH. The results of wellhead pressure sensitivity indicate a scale in the production tubing that must be removed to improve the oil production of these wells.
Artificial lift, Electrical Submersible Pump, PIPESIM software, Nodal analysis, Optimization, Rmelan field
Isolation and Identification of Probiotic Microorganisms in the Regions of Northeast Syria
Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that, when given in sufficient amounts, provide health benefits to the host by maintaining intestinal microbial balance. Among these, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), commonly found in milk and dairy products, are the most widely used. Over 100 samples of milk and its derivatives were inoculated onto De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) agar plates and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. From the aerobic incubation, more than 30 samples were identified as Lactobacillus bacteria using morphological and biochemical assays, including Gram staining and the catalase test. All isolates displayed either cocci or rod-shaped forms, Gram-positive and catalase-negative, confirming their classification as LAB. Finalay, PCR method with specific primers was used to confirm the isolated strains. These 30 LAB isolates were further tested for antimicrobial activity against human pathogens Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Seven sample showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial effectiveness. The isolates tolerated acidic conditions within a pH range of 2.0 to 5.0, grew well in the presence of NaCl, and efficiently metabolized lactose. Antibiotic susceptibility testing with Ampicillin, Doxycycline, Ceftriaxone, and Amikacin revealed notable resistance to Ampicillin and Amikacin, while susceptibility was observed for Doxycycline and Ceftriaxone. Based on probiotic characterization and antibiotic resistance patterns, the seven sample were confirmed as promising probiotic LAB strains. 16S rDNA sequence analysis identified them as belonging to Lactobacillus plantarum, L. paracasei, L. casei, L. fermentum, L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, L. brevis, and L. acidophilus.
Probiotics, Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), Dairy Products, Antimicrobial Activity, Lactose Utilization, Antibiotic Resistance, 16S rDNA Analysis
Thymus Vulgaris Extract as a Natural Antimicrobial to Prevent North and East Syrian Nosocomial Microbes
Local herbal plants represent an important source of the traditional medicine and are a good source of nutrients. Healthcare-associated infections are a major issue in healthcare systems worldwide especially in low- and middle-income countries. Nosocomial infections following antibiotic resistance are an emerging problem in Middle Eastern countries, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. The objective of the present research was to verify the antibacterial activity of the methanol and ethanol extracts of Thymus vulgaris against seven nosocomial microbes, Staphylococcus, Enterococci, Aeromonas, Burkholderia, Acinetobacter, E. coli and Candida spp., isolated from hospitals of North and East Syria. For this, the analyses of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined by the well agar diffusion technique using and also disc diffusion method. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique was used for characterization of bioactive compounds in the extracts. Ethanol extract of Thymus vulgaris showed a strong inhibitory activity against Staphelococcus, Acinetobacter and Enterococcus with the MIC values ranging from 20 to 50 mg/mL while no differences between the ethanolic and methanol extracts were recorded for Burkholderia, E. coli, Aeromonas, with the MIC values ranging from 100 to 200 mg/mL and bactericidal effect for most strains, with MBC values ranging from 50 to 200 mg/mL. Moreover, the ethanol extract demonstrated a higher inhibition of Candida spp. compared to the methanol extract. Spathulenol (6.86%), thymol (3.41%) and p-cymene (3.4%) were reported as a major ethanol extract components of T. vulgaris. Therefore, Thyme ethanol extract presents itself as an antibacterial and antifungal agent against nosocomial microbes.
Thymus vulgaris, Nosocomial microbes, MIC, MBC, GC-MS, North and East Syria
Development of New Models for Predicting the Solution Gas Oil Ratio of Rmelan Crude Oils
Solution Gas Oil Ratio (SGOR) is an important reservoir fluid property. Many reservoir engineering calculations are relied upon for this property, such as reserve estimation, fluid production and injection rates, secondary and enhanced oil recovery, and prediction of the future production performance of oil and gas reservoirs. In some circumstances, in vitro PVT analysis is unavailable, the experimental-based PVT correlations are the best alternative. In this paper, new models were developed to predict the SGOR for Rmelan crude oil using non-linear multiple regression and artificial neural networks (ANN). 50 PVT datasets were collected from Rmelan oil fields for this purpose. The collected data include the SGOR, oil-specific gravity, gas-specific gravity, reservoir temperature, and bubble point pressure. A new SGOR correlation was developed using a nonlinear multiple regression technique with an R2 of 0.81 Also, a new ANN model was developed for calculating the SGOR with an R2 of 0.97 and an average absolute relative error of 0.04. This study shows that the developed models are matched with Rmelan crude oil better than other published correlations. The developed models represent a road map for PVT properties of Rmelan crude oil saving time, effort, and money.
Antibacterial activity of Local Verbascum sp. extracts against nosocomial antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Nosocomial infections, primarily caused by bacteria, present a significant public health challenge in healthcare facilities. Verbascum sp. (Common Mullein), known for its medicinal properties, has been traditionally utilized to treat various ailments. This study investigates the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts from Verbascum sp. leaves against several bacterial isolates. Leaves were collected, dried, and processed to prepare methanolic extracts. The antibacterial efficacy was assessed using agar well diffusion and agar plate dilution assays to determine inhibition zones and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The results demonstrated that the methanolic extract exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus spp., and Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zones of 19.33 mm, 17.67 mm, and 19.67 mm, respectively. The MIC values were 125 µg/mL for both A. baumannii and S. aureus, and 250 µg/mL for Enterococcus spp. These findings highlight the potential of Verbascum species. extracts as alternative treatments for drug-resistant bacterial infections in hospital settings. Notably, the extract's efficacy against these bacteria supports its use in treating infections caused by resistant strains. However, the extract showed no activity against E. coli and Burkholderia gladioli, underscoring the need for further research to understand and overcome these limitations. The findings align with previous studies, reinforcing the antimicrobial potential of Verbascum sp. Overall, Verbascum sp. leaf extract presents a promising avenue for developing new antimicrobial agents, particularly in the face of increasing antibiotic resistance and the need for alternative treatments in war-affected regions.
Common Mullein, Methanolic Extracts, Rojava, antimicrobial activity, Local Verbascum sp.
Preparation of an antibacterial Polymeric Membrane Using Nanosilver Extracted from Mulberry Leaves
Ultrafiltration membrane technology is vital for water purification, especially when incorporating nanoparticles due to their unique properties. In this study, anti-fouling and antibacterial membranes were created by blending polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with a silver nanoparticle (AgNP) solution synthesized through an eco-friendly method using mulberry leaf extract. Mixed matrix PVC/AgNP membranes exhibited enhanced properties and performance over the pristine membrane. FTIR and SEM analyses identified functional groups in M1 and M4 and characterized membrane morphology. The manufactured mixed matrix membranes, prepared with 15 wt% PVC and different AgNP wt%, displayed superior mechanical properties compared to the pristine M1. The addition of AgNP solution increased the water uptake capacity of the membranes, as shown by contact angles of 66.1° for the pristine M1 (15% PVC), 54.7° for M4, and 62.7° for M2. Membrane performance improvements were evident, with M1 achieving permeate flux values of 301.4, 314.5, 317.4, 336.9, and 366.4 L/m²·h. M4 exhibited higher flux values of 338.4, 347.4, 354.9, 364.6, and 377.4 L/m²·h during humic acid separation. Bacterial removal tests using Tigris River water showed that M4 achieved a 99.9% removal rate, compared to 58.7% for M1. BOD, COD, and turbidity analyses confirmed M4’s superior efficiency in reducing concentrations to 5 mg/L, 7 mg/L, and 0.74 FNU, meeting WHO standards. Fouling resistance tests demonstrated M2's excellent anti-fouling properties, with a flux recovery ratio (FRR) of 99.8%. Therefore, the membrane M2 proves to be an effective anti-fouling.
Ultrafiltration Membrane, Silver Nanoparticles, Polyvinyl Chloride, Tigris River Water, Mulberry Leaf Extract, Antibacterial
The Phylogeny of Kurdish Populations: A Genetic and Historical Review
The Kurdish people represent one of the largest ethnolinguistic groups in the Middle East. Despite their demographic significance, their genetic origins and phylogenetic relationships remain incompletely characterized. This review synthesizes findings from uniparental genetic markers, HLA allele frequency studies, and ancient genomic analyses to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of Kurdish populations and their relationships with neighboring groups. The available evidence converges on a model of deep genetic continuity rooted in the Neolithic and Bronze Age populations of the Northern Fertile Crescent and Zagros Mountains. Modern Kurds carry approximately 75–80% indigenous Near Eastern ancestry, with a minor Western Steppe component attributable to Iron Age Indo-Iranian migrations. Uniparental marker analyses are consistent with descent from early Anatolian and Zagrosian farmers, alongside mitochondrial haplogroups H and U reflecting ancient Near Eastern hunter-gatherer and farming substrata. HLA studies place Kurds within a Mediterranean–Middle Eastern genetic cluster, with closest affinities to Iranians, Armenians, and Georgians, and suggest a possible ancestral link to the Hurrian populations of the Bronze Age. Significant intra-Kurdish genetic heterogeneity exists, shaped primarily by geographic isolation and tribal endogamy rather than linguistic boundaries. These findings refute models of wholesale population replacement by Central Asian migrants and instead support a continuity model in which Indo-Iranianization represented a linguistic and cultural overlay upon a pre-existing indigenous population. The phylogenetic stability of Kurdish populations since at least the Iron Age has important implications for medical genetics, including HLA-associated disease susceptibility and pharmacogenomic applications
Venêrîna hin Biyomarkerên Giraniya Nexweşiyê Wekî Pîvanên Klînîkî yên Covid-19 di Nexweşxaneyên Bakur û Rojhilatê Sûriyê de
COVID-19 nexweşiyek çend-pergalî ye ku ji hêla pêvajoyeke sîstemîk belav dibe û bi rêya bandorkirina li ser pergala parastinê dibe sedema çêbûna kulbûn û trombozê di laş de. Ev lêkolîn ji bo pêşbînîkirina pîvanên giranbûn û kujerbûna koronavirus (COVID-19) di newxeşan de li ser bingeha pîvanên hematolojiyê hat çêkirin. Di vê lêkolînê de 200 kesên bi nexweşiya COVID-19 hatin vekolîn. Parametrên hematolojîk ên nexweşan hatin berhevkirin. Wekî din, ji bo grûpa nexweşên giran radiyolojiya sîngê hate kirin. Daneyên domdar weke navînî û daneyên kategorîk weke dubarekirinê (%) hatin pêşkêşkirin. Daneyên domdar ên demografîkî û hematolojîkî li gorî giraniya enfeksyonê û bi rêya ezmûna Kruskal-Wallis H hatin analîzkirin (Softwarên SPSS-20 version‑20 û Med Cals). Di vê lêkolînê de navîna temenê nexweşan 49.5 û navînciya temen 55 sal, û ji 200 nexweşan 78 (39%) jin bûn. Li gorî biyomarkera giraniya nexweşiyê, di 30% nexweşan de nexweşî bênîşan bû, 40% sivik bû, 18,4% nexweşî navîn bû û di 11,6% de nexweşî giran bû. Bi bilindbûna giraniyê hat xuyakirin ku hejmara tevahî ya lukosît, neutrofîl, rêjeya nutrofîl-lîmfosît (NLR) û rêjeya nutrofîl-monosît (NMR) zêde dibe lê hejmara lîmfosît û rêjeya lîmfosît-monosît (LMR) kêm dibe (P <0.001). Ji ber vê yekê NLR, NMR û LMR ji bo pêşbîniya giraniya nexweşiyê û mirinê girîng in. Di kesên bi nexweşiyên giran/aloz de mezinbûna girêkên lîmfî, efûjina perîkardial, fibroza pişikê û efûjina plural bêtirî nexweşên asayî hat xuyakirin. Parametrên hematolojîk ên rûtîn, nîşankerên bilez û erzan ji bo naskirina nexweşên giran ên COVID-19ê ne. Bikaranîna parametrên hematolojîk di gel nirxandinên klînîkî dikare di biryara rastgirtina derbarê çavdêriyê nexweşên COVID 19’ê de bibe alîkar.
Copyright (c) 2023 Rojava Journal of Science and Technology
Teknolojyên Nûjen di Mîkrobiyolojiya Xwarin û Vexwarinê de û Girîngiya wê di Asta Bakur û Rojhilatê Sûriyê de
Ewlehiya xwarinê li çaraliyê cîhanê pirsgirêkek sereke di tenduristiya giştî de ye. Mîna li welatên din, pirsgirêkên ewlehiya xwarinê ya serdest li Rojava nexweşiyên girêdayî xwarinê ne ku ji hêla patojenên mîkrobiyê ve derdikevin holê. Mîkrobiyolojiya xwarinê weke qada lêkolînê ya dînamîk e ku dikare roleke pir sereke di beşên tenduristiya civakê û pîşesaziya xwarinê de bilîze. Rewşa ewlekariya xwarinê ya niha li Rojava pirsgirêkeke lezgîn e û heger tevdîrên guncav di dema xwe de neyên girtin, dê bandorên cidî li ser binesaziya aborî û tenduristiya welat bike. Şiyan heye ku piraniya xwarin û vexwarinên ku derbasî herêmên Bakur û Rojhilatê Sûriyê dibin, nepaqijiyên mîkroorganîzmên nebaş, jehrên cûrbecûr û metalên giran tê de hebin. Divê em jî ji bo pêkanîna pratîkên ewlehiya xwarinê, tevdîrên pêwîst bigirin. Ji ber vê yekê, perwedekirina pisporan ji hêla ewlehiya xwarin û vexwarinê, pêşxistina labratwarên taybet ji bo kontrolkirina hemû mijarên pêwendîdar bi ewlehiya xwarin û vexwarinê û bikaranîna teknîk û teknolojiyên nûjen, gavên pir girîng in. Ev gotar piştî danasîna microorganîsmên patojen an xerabkera sereke di xwarinê de, rêgezên mîkrobiyolojîk ên nûjen û pêşketinên ku di warê pîşesaziyên xwarinê de hatine çêkirin, ronî dike.
Mîkrobiyolojiya Xwarinê; Teknolojî; Bakteriyên Patojen; Rêbazên Lêkolîna Xwarin û Vexwarinê
Technologies for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil
For reasons that are now well known, bio-based alternative fuels like ethanol and biodiesel have received attention. They have the potential to reduce green-house gases, they can be produced from sustainable sources, and they can be combined with diesel fuel to increase its performance. The production and usage of biodiesel have seen a qualitative leap recently. Biodiesel can be produced from animal fats and vegetables oils. By transesterifying vegetable oils and fats on the basis of catalytic transesterification of oils, numerous commercial plants produce biodiesel. Typically, homogeneous, heterogeneous, and bio catalysts are used in this process. NaOH is used as alkaline catalyst, because of its low cost and higher reaction. In addition nanocatalysts and photocatalysts were used, they are well recognized for increasing reaction rates by providing a large number of active sites and having a high surface-to-volume ratio. This review paper focus on using waste cooking oil as a feed for biodiesel production, the various parameters influencing the process of biofuel production such as reaction rate, catalyst concentration, temperature, stirrer speed, catalyst type, alcohol used, alcohol to oil ratio, free fatty acid content, and water content.
Waste cooking oil; biodiesel; Heterogeneous catalyst; Homogeneous catalyst; Reactive Distillation; Transesterification
Healthcare Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents: Technologies for the Detection, Decontamination, and Treatment
Many biological and chemical warfare (BCW) agents’ events have occurred since 2000, such as the chemical bombings of Halabja by Saddam and Turkey's attack on the North and Northeast of Syria in 2019. During the occupation attacks on “Serêkaniyê”, in October 2019 by Turkey many people targeted and injured as a result of the use of chemical weapons. We have to mention that advances in new technologies such as genetic engineering, nanotechnology, biotechnology, neurobiology, and artificial intelligence not only contribute to the proliferation of traditional BCW agents, but also motivate the production of new agents. So, the danger of using traditional and new BCW agents by governments and terrorist groups is becoming more serious day by day. Therefore, on the other hand, it is very necessary to improve decontamination methods, identification methods, and treatment of those who have been exposed to these factors. This study explains BCW types, methods for decontamination, and technologies for detecting BCWs, and finally presents the therapies for BCW-exposed peoples and animals.
chemical weapons; biological weapons; detection; decontamination; treatment
The Future is Now: Artificial Intelligence is Transforming the Development of Biotech, Biomedicine, and Agriculture
Artificial intelligence (AI) has made significant advancements in recent years, with machine learning (ML) algorithms playing an essential role in many fields. The application of AI in biotechnology and biomedicine has shown enormous potential for enhancing research and development, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases, as well as optimizing crop yield and resource management. It has facilitated drug discovery, personalized medicine, and understanding of complex biological systems. In agriculture, AI has the potential to significantly contribute to precision farming, pest and disease control, and implementing sustainable agriculture. In conclusion, AI has a significant impact on the future of biotechnology, biomedicine, and agriculture, highlighting the importance of ongoing research and innovation in these areas. It is important to note, while AI development is essential, several relevant concerns must be addressed, including ethical considerations, privacy and data security, job displacement, potential misuse, and legal and regulatory issues.
Keywords Artificial Intelligence; Machine Learning; Biotechnology; Biomedicine; Agriculture
Investigating the Sensitivity and Resistance of Human Infectious Bacteria Against the Extracts of Thymus Species and Identifying Their Bioactive Compounds
This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the antibacterial, and antioxidant activity of Thymus eriocalyx and Thymus daenensis extracts against human pathogenic bacteria and identifies their bioactive compounds. The aerial part of T. eriocalyx and T. daenensis were collected from urmia, iran. The alcoholic extracts by maceration method and the antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were performed by disc diffusion assay. Next, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) by serial dilution method and free radical scavenging activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were determined. In addition, the chemical compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC.MS). The dominant compounds in the methanol extract of T. eriocalyx were thymol (22.84%) and ρ-cymene (9.11%) and for T. daenensis as thymol (24.28%) and carvacrol (11.66%). However, sixteen (81.16%) and thirteen (76.59%) compounds were identified in the methanol extract of T. eriocalyx and T. daenensis, respectively. The most sensitive bacteria were associated to Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis, respectively, against the methanol extract of T. Daenensis (24±0.33 mm) and T. eriocalyx (21±0.88 mm) with mic of 0.78 mg ml-. Finally, the lowest half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 0.125 mg ml- for the methanol extract of T. daenensis. In general, the extract of this plant can be introduced as a source for the discovery of antimicrobial drugs and antibiotics to control resistant pathogens.
Antiradical; Infectious bacteria; Chemical Composition; Thymus spp.
Antibiotic Consumption and Antibiotic Policies in Relation to Antibiotic Resistance: A Comparison of the Global Situation with that in Syria and AANES (Rojava)
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the inevitable evolution of super-bacteria pose a serious threat to human health worldwide. If this problem is not resolved immediately. As a result of the outbreak of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), many countries have adopted national action plans aimed at reducing the consumption of antibiotics. Here, we have reviewed several prominent studies on antibiotic consumption around the world, including Syria. A careful and comparative analysis of these studies indicate high prescription rates of broad-spectrum antibiotics in Outpatient Antibiotic Dispensing (OAD) and high percentage uses of the Watch group of AWaRE classification. By comparison antibiotic consumption rate in Syria and Autonomous Administration of North East Syria, known as AANES or Rojava, is comparable to that of average global consumption (20.9 DID) and much lower than those in neighboring countries such as Turkey (48,9 DID) and Iran (60 DID). Some recommendations regarding the situation in AANES (Rojava) have been presented. The purpose of this review is to summarize several important studies on worldwide antibiotic consumption with an emphasis on the Syrian situation and the effects of antibiotic consumption on the development of bacterial resistance, and point out how a proper public health policy can help curb antibiotic resistance.
Antibiotic resistance; Antibiotic consumption; Syria; North and East Syria; Self-medication
Technology-Based Production of Secondary Metabolites from Cell and Callus Culture
Recently, due to the wide spread of chemicals and their negative impact on human health and environment, the focus has increased on plant products, especially secondary metabolites in medical and in various industrial fields. Therefore, it seems necessary to focus and research on increasing the production of secondary metabolites using plant tissue culture techniques, especially callus culture, and improve its production on a large scale using bioreactors. Moreover, it is important to find the best methods to increase quality and quantity extraction of secondary metabolites. Callus culture and cell suspension culture in combination with developed extraction techniques represent powerful biomass production techniques to gain high quality secondary metabolites from plant materials. This article reviews the importance of callus and how to culture callus, in addition to the most important modern methods for producing secondary metabolites from callus and cell cultures.
Callus Culture; Cell Suspension; Secondary Metabolites; Bioreactor; Metabolic Engineering